Lampiran:Kata kerja bahasa Jepun
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Jepun Moden
[sunting]Bahagian ini hanya berkaitan dengan bahasa Jepun seperti yang ditulis dan dituturkan pada abad ke-21 dan akhir abad ke-20, dengan menggunakan istilah dan analisis dari tatabahasa tradisional (yang dibangunkan oleh Shinkichi Hashimoto dan juga dikenali sebagai 学校-文法 (gakkō-bunpō, “sekolah tatabahasa”)). Terma dan analisis alternatif adalah mungkin, dan telah digunakan secara meluas dalam buku teks yang mensasarkan penutur bukan asli. Jadual berikut membandingkan bentuk dan kelas konjugasi dalam tatabahasa tradisional dan kesetaraan mereka dalam tatabahasa alternatif:
Tatabahasa lama | Analisi alternatif |
---|---|
未然形 (mizenkei, “imperfective or irrealis form”) | ない形 (nai-kei, “nai form”) minus the -nai, also the stem of 受身形 (ukemikei, “passive form”) and 使役形 (shiekikei, “causative form”), as well as the stem of 意向形 (ikōkei, “volitional form”) and 可能形 (kanōkei, “potential form”) before contraction |
連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) | ます形 (masu-kei, “masu form”) minus the -masu, also the stem of て形 (te-kei, “te form”) and た形 (ta-kei, “ta form”) before contraction |
終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) | 基本形 (kihonkei, “lemma form”) or 辞書形 (jishokei, “dictionary form”) |
連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) | |
仮定形 (kateikei, “hypothetical form”) | ば形 (ba-kei, “ba form”) or 条件形 (jokenkei, “conditional form”) minus the -ba |
命令形 (meireikei, “imperative form”) | 命令形 (meireikei, “imperative form”) |
五段活用 (godan katsuyō, “godan or five-grade conjugation”) | Group I, -u verbs, or consonant-stem verbs |
上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō, “kami ichidan or upper-monograde conjugation”) | Group II, -ru verbs, or vowel-stem verbs |
下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “shimo ichidan or lower-monograde conjugation”) | |
カ行変格活用 (ka-gyō henkaku katsuyō, “k-irregular conjugation”) | Group III or irregular verbs |
サ行変格活用 (sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō, “s-irregular conjugation”) |
Conjugation classes
[sunting]Five-grade (五段 godan)
[sunting]To this class belongs to verbs whose base ends in -k, -g, -s, -t, -n, -b, -m, -r, or -w. In the dictionary form, the endings become く ku, ぐ gu, す su, つ tsu, ぬ nu, ぶ bu, む mu, る ru, and う u. The conjugation is as follows:
Dictionary form | Base | 未然形 mizenkei |
連用形 ren'yōkei |
終止形 shūshikei |
連体形 rentaikei |
仮定形 kateikei |
命令形 meireikei |
Volitional1 | 音便 onbin forms | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kaku 書く |
kak- | kaka- かか |
kaki かき |
kaku かく |
kaku かく |
kake- かけ |
kake かけ |
kakō かこう |
kaita, kaite かいた・かいて |
|
oyogu 泳ぐ |
oyog- | oyoga- およが |
oyogi およぎ |
oyogu およぐ |
oyogu およぐ |
oyoge- およげ |
oyoge およげ |
oyogō およごう |
oyoida, oyoide およいだ・およいで |
|
hanasu 話す |
hanas- | hanasa- はなさ |
hanashi はなし |
hanasu はなす |
hanasu はなす |
hanase- はなせ |
hanase はなせ |
hanasō はなそう |
hanashita, hanashite はなした・はなして |
|
matsu 待つ |
mat- | mata- また |
machi まち |
matsu まつ |
matsu まつ |
mate- まて |
mate まて |
matō まとう |
matta, matte まった・まって |
|
shinu 死ぬ |
sin- | shina- しな |
shini しに |
shinu しぬ |
shinu しぬ |
shine- しね |
shine しね |
shinō しのう |
shinda, shinde しんだ・しんで |
|
asobu 遊ぶ |
asob- | asoba- あそば |
asobi あそび |
asobu あそぶ |
asobu あそぶ |
asobe- あそべ |
asobe あそべ |
asobō あそぼう |
asonda, asonde あそんだ・あそんで |
|
yasumu 休む |
yasum- | yasuma- やすま |
yasumi やすみ |
yasumu やすむ |
yasumu やすむ |
yasume- やすめ |
yasume やすめ |
yasumō やすもう |
yasunda, yasunde やすんだ・やすんで |
|
kaeru 帰る |
kaer- | kaera- かえら |
kaeri かえり |
kaeru かえる |
kaeru かえる |
kaere- かえれ |
kaere かえれ |
kaerō かえろう |
kaetta, kaette かえった・かえって |
|
iu 言う |
iw- | iwa- いわ |
ii いい |
iu いう |
iu いう |
ie- いえ |
ie いえ |
iō いおう |
itta, itte いった・いって |
2 |
Special conjugation (empty slots are regular) | ||||||||||
iku 行く |
ik- | itta, itte いった・いって |
For the verb 行く iku “to go” | |||||||
kudasaru 下さる |
kudasar- | kudasari, kudasai(-masu) くださり, ください(ます) |
kudasai ください |
For the honorific verbs いらっしゃる irassharu, 仰る ossharu, 下さる kudasaru, なさる nasaru, ござる gozaru | ||||||
tou 問う |
tow- | touta, toute とうた, とうて |
For the two verbs 問う tou “to ask” and 請う kou “to ask, to beg” |
- Notes
- For volitional forms such as kakoo, some versions of the katsuyōkei system list the kako- part as an alternative 未然形 mizenkei, and some list it as a seventh katsuyōkei form. The -oo ending is spelt in historical kana orthography (歴史的仮名遣い) as -au (e.g. yasumoo as やすまう), reflecting its historical derivation.
- Historically, the -w ending for all such verbs was originally a -p, hence the historical kana spelling (歴史的仮名遣い) for, say, いう is いふ, with the six katsuyōkei forms いは, いひ, いふ, いふ, いへ, いへ.
In traditional Japanese grammar, the final consonant of the base is analysed as part of the 語尾 gobi “ending”. Hence, a verb such as 休む yasum-u is segmented as (語幹 gokan “stem”) yasu- + (語尾 gobi “ending”) -mu, with the -mu becoming -ma, -mi, -mu, -mu, -me, -me for the six katsuyōkei forms. The volitional form is segmented as yasu-mo-o, with the -mo- being the ending and the final -o (spelt う) a 助動詞 jodōshi “auxiliary”. Since the kana used to write the endings (Ca, Ci, Cu, Cu, Ce, and Ce, plus the Co for the volitional, for a verb ending in -C) span all five 段 dan “rows, or grades” of the 五十音図 gojūonzu “fifty sound table”, the class is called 五段 godan “five-grade”, and because they are on the same column, a verb whose base ends in -C is said to conjugate according to Ca行五段活用 Ca-gyō godan katsuyō “five-grade conjugation on the Ca column” For example, 休む yasumu has マ行五段活用 ma-gyō godan katsuyō “five-grade conjugation on the ma- column”. 五段 godan “five-grade” conjugation was originally 四段 yodan “quadrigrade”, because the 語尾 gobi “ending” of the volitional was spelt as Ca in historical kana spelling (歴史的仮名遣い), not the current Co.
Upper monograde (上一段 kami ichidan)
[sunting]To this class belongs to verbs whose base ends in -i. The dictionary form adds -ru to the base. The conjugation is as follows:
Dictionary form | Base | 未然形 mizenkei |
連用形 ren'yōkei |
終止形 shūshikei |
連体形 rentaikei |
仮定形 kateikei |
命令形 meireikei1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
miru 見る |
mi- | mi- み |
mi み |
miru みる |
miru みる |
mire- みれ |
miro, miyo みろ, みよ |
- Notes
- -ro is the spoken imperative and -yo is the written imperative.
In traditional Japanese grammar, the final syllable of the base is analysed as part of the 語尾 gobi “ending”. Hence a verb such as 起きる oki-ru is segmented as (語幹 gokan “stem”) o- + (語尾 gobi “ending”) -kiru, with the -kiru becoming -ki, -ki, -kiru, -kiru, -kire, -kiro/-kiyo for the six katsuyōkei forms. (Verbs with a one-syllable base such as 見る miru conjugates in the same way as endings.) A verb whose base ends in -Ci is said to conjugate according to Ca行上一段活用 Ca-gyō kami ichidan katsuyō “upper monograde conjugation on the Ca column” because the endings begin with the kana Ci, which is on the Ca column and i row (upper row). For example, 起きる okiru has カ行上一段活用 ka-gyō kami ichidan katsuyō “upper monograde conjugation on the ka column”.
Lower monograde (下一段 shimo ichidan)
[sunting]To this class belongs to verbs whose base ends in -e. The dictionary form adds -ru to the base. The conjugation is as follows:
Dictionary form | Base | 未然形 mizenkei |
連用形 ren'yōkei |
終止形 shūshikei |
連体形 rentaikei |
仮定形 kateikei |
命令形 meireikei1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
deru 出る |
de- | de- で |
de で |
deru でる |
deru でる |
dere- でれ |
dero, deyo でろ, でよ |
- Notes
- -ro is the spoken imperative and -yo is the written imperative. The verb くれる kureru “to give” has an irregular imperative form くれ kure.
In traditional Japanese grammar, the final syllable of the base is analysed as part of the 語尾 gobi “ending”. Hence a verb such as 食べる tabe-ru is segmented as (語幹 gokan “stem”) ta- + (語尾 gobi “ending”) -beru, with the -beru becoming -be, -be, -beru, -beru, -bere, -bero/-beyo for the six katsuyōkei forms. (Verbs with a one-syllable base such as 出る deru conjugates in the same way as endings.) A verb whose base ends in -Ce is said to conjugate according to Ca行下一段活用 Ca-gyō shimo ichidan katsuyō lower monograde conjugation on the Ca column” because the endings begin with the kana Ce, which is on the Ca column and e row (lower row). For example, 食べる taberu has バ行下一段活用 ba-gyō shimo ichidan katsuyō lower monograde conjugation on the ba column”.
k-irregular (カ行変格 ka-gyō henkaku)
[sunting]This class has only one verb, 来る kuru “to come”.
Dictionary form | 未然形 mizenkei |
連用形 ren'yōkei |
終止形 shūshikei |
連体形 rentaikei |
仮定形 kateikei |
命令形 meireikei |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kuru 来る |
ko- こ |
ki き |
kuru くる |
kuru くる |
kure- くれ |
koi こい |
s-irregular (サ行変格 sa-gyō henkaku)
[sunting]This class has only one verb, する suru “to do”, which conjugates as follows:[1]
Verb and context | 未然形 mizenkei1 | 連用形 ren'yōkei | 終止形 shūshikei | 連体形 rentaikei | 仮定形 kateikei | 命令形 meireikei2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
passive ~(ら)れる |
causative ~(さ)せる |
negative ~ない |
volitional ~(よ)う | ||||||
する suru, noun + する suru | sareru される |
saseru させる |
shinai しない |
shiyō しよう |
shi し |
suru する |
suru する |
sure すれ |
seyo, shiro せよ, しろ |
single kanji ending in /Q/ + する suru e.g. 達する tassuru |
serareru, shirareru せられる, しられる |
shisaseru しさせる |
shinai しない |
shiyō しよう |
shi し |
suru する |
suru する |
sure すれ |
seyo, shiro せよ, しろ |
single kanji ending in /n/ or /ŋ/ + ずる zuru e.g. 論ずる ronzuru |
jirareru, zerareru じられる, ぜられる |
jisaseru じさせる |
jinai じない |
jiyō じよう |
ji じ |
zuru, jiru ずる, じる |
zuru, jiru ずる, じる |
zure, jire ずれ, じれ |
zeyo, jiro ぜよ, じろ |
single kanji ending in i or ku + する suru e.g. 愛する aisuru |
sareru される |
saseru させる |
sanai, shinai さない, しない |
shiyō, sō しよう, そう |
shi し |
suru, su する, す |
suru, su する, す |
sure, se すれ, せ |
seyo, shiro, se せよ, しろ, せ |
- Notes
- When used with older auxiliaries such as the negative ぬ -nu, the older mizenkei, se- (ze- for zuru) is used.
- -ro is the spoken imperative and -yo is the written imperative.
Inflected forms
[sunting]In traditional Japanese grammar, verbs have the six basic forms called 活用形 katsuyōkei listed below, from which most of their inflected forms can be derived.
活用形 katsuyōkei | Stem? | Inflected form? |
---|---|---|
未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis”) | Yes | No |
連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) | Yes | Yes |
終止形 (shūshikei, “conclusive”) | No | Yes |
連体形 (rentaikei, “adnominal”) | No | Yes |
仮定形 (kateikei, “hypothetical”) | Yes | No |
命令形 (meireikei, “imperative”) | No | Yes |
Notes: 未然形 mizenkei “irrealis” is named after its use with -ba in Classical Japanese: kakaba “if one writes”, in contrast with the realis kakeba “as, when, because one writes”. It is a stem used to form the negative, passive, causative, and the volitional. 連用形 ren'yōkei is named in reference to its use followed by 用言 yōgen “inflecting words”. It is the infinitive as an inflected form, and also a stem used to form some inflected forms as well as compound verbs. 終止形 shūshikei is the conclusive, and is also the “plain” or “dictionary form” in which verbs are generally cited. 連体形 rentaikei is named in reference to its use followed by 体言 taigen “non-inflecting words”. It is the adnominal, also used to conclude a clause modifying a noun. In modern Japanese the shūshikei has the same shape as the rentaikei, but in Classical Japanese it usually does not. 仮定形 kateikei “hypothetical” is a stem only used with -ba to form the provisional conditional. 命令形 meireikei is the imperative.
Basic inflected forms
[sunting]Here are the first set of inflected forms commonly taught in textbooks.
- Plain forms
Form | Conjugation | kaku 書く (base kak-) | miru 見る (base mi-) |
---|---|---|---|
Nonpast | shūshikei / rentaikei | kaku かく |
miru みる |
Past | ren'yōkei + -ta (with sound changes for five-grade verbs) |
kaita かいた |
mita みた |
Negative nonpast | mizenkei + -nai | kakanai かかない |
minai みない |
Negative past | mizenkei + -nakatta | kakanakatta かかなかった |
minakatta みなかった |
- Polite forms
Form | Conjugation | kaku 書く (base kak-) | miru 見る (base mi-) |
---|---|---|---|
Nonpast | ren'yōkei + -masu | kakimasu かきます |
mimasu みます |
Past | ren'yōkei + -mashita | kakimashita かきました |
mimashita みました |
Negative nonpast | ren'yōkei + -masen | kakimasen かきません |
mimasen みません |
Negative past | ren'yōkei + -masen deshita | kakimasen deshita かきませんでした |
kakimasen deshita みませんでした |
Note: The verb aru ある “to be, to exist” does not have the negative formed in this way. The plain negative is the adjective nai ない “nonexistent, not be”, and the polite negative is nai desu ないです or arimasen ありません.
All these forms can occur in the predicate position of a sentence (i.e. at the end).
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
The plain forms can also be used to modify a noun, or in the predicate position of a clause modifying a noun, when occurring before it:
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
Infinitive
[sunting]The infinitive (= ren'yōkei), apart from deriving nouns or used in the construction of compound verbs, can be used for the non-final predicates when linking several predicates together in a sentence.
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
This is called 連用中止 ren'yō chūshi and it is mainly used in written language. The non-final predicates do not conjugate for tense or politeness. Iru いる “to be” in these positions are usually replaced by its humble form oru おる and put in ren'yōkei as ori おり.
Another use of the infinitive is in the grammar pattern verb/clause + ni + motion verb.
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
Certain kinds of compound verbs are produced by attaching a word to the continuative form of a verb; for example: 〜やすい (-yasui, “easy to do”), 〜方 (-kata, “way of doing something”), 〜返す (-kaesu, “to do something over again”). Other constructions include 〜たい (-tai, “to want to do something”), 〜ながら (-nagara, “while doing something”), 〜なさい (-nasai, “please do something”) (used only between friends or to someone of a lower rank), 〜そうだ (-sō da, “to seem likely to do something”).
Conjunctive form with て
[sunting]The conjunctive or te form is spinoff of the continuative form by attaching the particle て to it. For godan (five-grade) verbs, the same kinds of sound changes with ~た applies. The particle て can be used to link several predicates together, as illustrated below:
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
When used at the end of a sentence it makes a light command:
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
More often, this form is part of certain kinds of expressions: 〜てから (after doing something), 〜ても(いい) (it's OK to do something), 〜てはだめ/いけない/ならない (it's not ok to do something), 〜て下さい (please do something), 〜ている (to be doing something), 〜てある (to be in the state of ...), 〜てばかり (to be always doing something), 〜てあげる (to do something to others), 〜てくれる (to do something for me), 〜てもらう (to receive the favor of doing something), 〜ておく (to do something in preparation), 〜てしまう (to do something completely or accidentally), 〜てみる (to try doing something), etc. When followed by motion verbs like いく and くる as a set expression, the basic meaning is to do something towards a direction (e.g. 帰る is "return", 帰っていく is "go back", while 帰ってくる is "come back"), and the notion of the direction can be abstract (towards the future, up to the present, come to the state, etc.)
Imperative form
[sunting]The imperative form (命令形) is often irregular in honorific speech; in other cases it can be rude in everyday conversation except when quoted or used in と-clauses. It is conjugated:
- godan verbs: change the -u to -e. For example, 読む becomes 読め.
- ichidan verbs: change the -ru to -ro. For example, 見る becomes 見ろ.
- irregular verbs: kuru becomes koi, suru becomes shiro.
Volitional form
[sunting]The volitional form carries the meaning of "let's do something". It has the same meaning when used alone and means "try to do" when followed by とする. It also means "I want to do something", but a less direct way to say this is to follow it by と思う. The conjugation is:
- godan verbs: change the -u to -ō. For example, 読む becomes 読もう.
- ichidan verbs: change the -ru to -yō. For example, 見る becomes 見よう.
- irregular verbs: kuru becomes koyō, suru becomes shiyō.
Hypothetical conditional form
[sunting]One of way to say "if" is to attach ば to the 仮定形 of a verb, which is formed by changing the final vowel u (whether in -u, -ru, kuru, suru) to an e. "AばB" implies that A is a condition for B to happen.
Potential form
[sunting]- godan verbs: change the -u to -eru. For example, 読む becomes 読める.
- ichidan verbs: change the -ru to -rareru. For example, 見る becomes 見られる.
- irregular verbs: kuru becomes korareru, suru becomes dekiru.
Sometimes the ra can be left out (a practice called ら抜き言葉). The result can be further conjugated like an ichidan verb; for example, 信じられない (unbelievable).
Causative form
[sunting]- godan verbs: change the -u to -a (but -wa if it has no consonant) and attach seru. For example, 読む becomes 読ませる.
- ichidan verbs: change the -ru to -saseru. For example, 見る becomes 見させる.
- irregular verbs: kuru becomes kosaseru, suru becomes saseru.
The result can be further conjugated like an ichidan verb. Sometimes the せる is abbreviated as a single す and conjugates as godan verbs. The object is usually introduced with を, but when there is another object with を (such as "A made B sing a song"), に is used instead.
Passive form
[sunting]- godan verbs: change the -u to -a (but -wa if it has no consonant) and attach reru. For example, 読む becomes 読まれる.
- ichidan verbs: change the -ru to -rareru. For example, 見る becomes 見られる.
- irregular verbs: kuru becomes korareru, suru becomes sareru.
The result can be further conjugated like an ichidan verb. Aside from the passive voice (where the performer of the verb is introduced with に or によって), the form is also used to show politeness in which case the sentence structure does not change. In casual speech, the せる can be abbreviated as a single す and conjugates as godan verbs. The passive form is sometimes used for a victimhood state, for example, 兎に逃げられた is not "was run away by the rabbit", but "rabbit ran away, resulting in loss".
Irregular conjugation related to polite speech
[sunting]- The imperative form of くれる is くれ.
- The imperative form of some godan verbs have the ru replaced with i:
Verb | Imperative form |
---|---|
くださる | ください |
なさる | なさい |
いらっしゃる | いらっしゃい |
おっしゃる | おっしゃい |
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
The i-ending imperative forms may be followed by mase:
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
Transitivity
[sunting]Japanese verbs often come in transitive and intransitive pairs, called 他動詞 (tadōshi) and 自動詞 (jidōshi) in Japanese respectively. Intransitive verbs usually take only a subject marked with が (ga) or は (wa), while transitive verbs can also take an object marked with を (o).
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
A motion verb can also be used with を (o) even though it is intransitive in Japanese.
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
When the transitive verb used with 〜たい (tai) to express desire, or in the potential form, the object is usually marked with が (ga), but を (o) is also OK.
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
Passive forms 〜(ら)れる (-(ra)reru) usually become intransitive and causative forms 〜(さ)せる (-(sa)seru) usually become transitive. 〜てある (-tearu) forms usually become intransitive.
- Ralat Lua pada baris 31 di Modul:Jpan-sortkey: attempt to call field 'get_section' (a nil value).
Stem forms
[sunting]These are the basic forms of verbs as taught in Japan. Verbs have six associated stem forms; three of these each appear in two different ways that are not given separate names, but are used in disjoint contexts. The izenkei (已然形, classical perfective form) is also called the kateikei (仮定形, hypothetical form in modern Japanese). The shūshikei (終止形, terminal form) and rentaikei (連体形, attributive form) are identical for verbs in modern Japanese.
Prototype | 起きる | 食べる | 書く | 行く | 剥ぐ | 射す | 待つ | 死ぬ | 呼ぶ | 飲む | 掘る | 買う | 問う | くる | する |
okiru | taberu | kaku | iku | hagu | sasu | matsu | shinu | yobu | nomu | horu | kau | tou | kuru | suru | |
Class | 上一 | 下一 | カ五 | カ五 | ガ五 | サ五 | タ五 | ナ五 | バ五 | マ五 | ラ五 | ワ五 | ワ五 | カ変格 | サ変格 |
kami-1 | shimo-1 | ka-5 | ka-5 | ga-5 | sa-5 | ta-5 | na-5 | ba-5 | ma-5 | ra-5 | wa-5 | wa-5 | ka-hen. | sa-hen. | |
Stem | 起き | 食べ | 書 | 行 | 剥 | 射 | 待 | 死 | 呼 | 飲 | 掘 | 買 | 問 | irreg. | irreg. |
oki- | tabe- | kak- | ik- | hag- | sas- | mat- | shin- | yob- | nom- | hor- | ka(*p)- | to(*p)- | irreg. | irreg. | |
Mizenkei (未然形) | 起き | 食べ | 書か | 行か | 剥が | 射さ | 待た | 死な | 呼ば | 飲ま | 掘ら | 買わ | 問わ | こ | irreg. |
Imperfective (general) | oki- | tabe- | kaka- | ika- | haga- | sasa- | mata- | shina- | yoba- | noma- | hora- | kawa- | towa- | ko- | irreg. |
Mizenkei (未然形) | 起き | 食べ | 書こ | 行こ | 剥ご | 射そ | 待と | 死の | 呼ぼ | 飲も | 掘ろ | 買お | 問お | こ | し |
Imperfective (volitional) | oki- | tabe- | kako- | iko- | hago- | saso- | mato- | shino- | yobo- | nomo- | horo- | kao- | too- | ko- | shi- |
Ren'yōkei (連用形) | 起き | 食べ | 書き | 行き | 剥ぎ | 射し | 待ち | 死に | 呼び | 飲み | 掘り | 買い | 問い | き | し |
Continuative (-i) | oki | tabe | kaki | iki | hagi | sashi | machi | shini | yobi | nomi | hori | kai | toi | ki | shi |
Ren'yōkei (連用形) | 起き | 食べ | 書い | 行っ | 剥い | 射し | 待っ | 死ん | 呼ん | 飲ん | 掘っ | 買っ | 問う | き | し |
Continuative (other) | oki- | tabe- | kai- | i_- | hai- | sashi- | ma_- | shin- | yon- | non- | ho_- | ka_- | tou- | ki- | shi- |
Shūshikei (終止形) | 起きる | 食べる | 書く | 行く | 剥ぐ | 射す | 待つ | 死ぬ | 呼ぶ | 飲む | 掘る | 買う | 問う | くる | する |
Terminal | okiru | taberu | kaku | iku | hagu | sasu | matsu | shinu | yobu | nomu | horu | kau | tou | kuru | suru |
Rentaikei (連体形) | 起きる | 食べる | 書く | 行く | 剥ぐ | 射す | 待つ | 死ぬ | 呼ぶ | 飲む | 掘る | 買う | 問う | くる | する |
Attributive | okiru | taberu | kaku | iku | hagu | sasu | matsu | shinu | yobu | nomu | horu | kau | tou | kuru | suru |
Izenkei (已然形) | 起きれ | 食べれ | 書け | 行け | 剥げ | 射せ | 待て | 死ね | 呼べ | 飲め | 掘れ | 買え | 問え | くれ | すれ |
Classical Perfective | okire- | tabere- | kake- | ike- | hage- | sase- | mate- | shine- | yobe- | nome- | hore- | kae- | toe- | kure- | sure- |
Meireikei (命令形) | 起きよ | 食べよ | 書け | 行け | 剥げ | 射せ | 待て | 死ね | 呼べ | 飲め | 掘れ | 買え | 問え | こい | せよ |
Imperative (written) | okiyo | tabeyo | kake | ike | hage | sase | mate | shine | yobe | nome | hore | kae | toe | koi | seyo |
Meireikei (命令形) | 起きろ | 食べろ | 書け | 行け | 剥げ | 射せ | 待て | 死ね | 呼べ | 飲め | 掘れ | 買え | 問え | こい | しろ |
Imperative (spoken) | okiro | tabero | kake | ike | hage | sase | mate | shine | yobe | nome | hore | kae | toe | koi | shiro |
The ren'yōkei (連用形, -i form), shūshikei (終止形, terminal form), rentaikei (連体形, attributive form), and meireikei (命令形, imperative form) can appear on their own. The other inflections require suffixes.
Complex forms
[sunting]Form | Classes | Stem | Suffix | Result is | Examples |
Passive 受動態 | 1, kuru | imperfective (general) | られる | shimo-1 verb | 食べられる |
5 | imperfective (general) | れる | shimo-1 verb | 書かれる | |
suru | irreg. | irreg. | shimo-1 verb | される | |
Causative 使役態 | 1, kuru | imperfective (general) | させる or さす | shimo-1 verb | 食べさせる |
5 | imperfective (general) | せる or す | shimo-1 verb | 書かせる | |
suru | irreg. | irreg. | shimo-1 verb | させる or さす | |
Potential 可能法 | 1 | imperfective (general) | られる | shimo-1 verb | 食べられる |
5, kuru, 1 (colloq.) | classical imperfective | る | shimo-1 verb | 書ける, 起きれる | |
suru | defective | defective | 出来る (せる in compounds) |
Other forms
[sunting]Form | Classes | Stem | Suffix | Result is | Examples |
Volitional | 1, kuru, suru | imperfective (volitional) | よう | indeclinable | 食べよう, こよう, しよう |
5 | imperfective (volitional) | う | indeclinable | 書こう, 話そう | |
Negative | all | imperfective (general) | ない | i-adjective | 食べない, 書かない, こない, しない |
Negative (archaic) | all | imperfective (general) | ぬ | indeclinable | 食べぬ, 書かぬ |
Negative Continuative (-zu) | 1, 5, kuru | imperfective (general) | ず | indeclinable | 食べず, 書かず, こず |
suru | irreg. | irreg. | indeclinable | せず | |
Negative Conjunctive (-naide) | all | imperfective (general) | ないで | indeclinable | 起きないで, 書かないで, こないで, しないで |
Past tense | 1, kuru, suru, (ka,sa,ta,ra,wa)-5 | continuative (other) | た | indeclinable | 食べた, きた, した, 書いた, 行った, 話した, 待った, 作った, 払った, 問った |
(ga,na,ba,ma)-5 | continuative (other) | だ | indeclinable | 泳いだ, 死んだ, 読んだ, 飲んだ | |
Conjunctive (-te) | 1, kuru, suru, (ka,sa,ta,ra,wa)-5 | continuative (other) | て | indeclinable | 食べて, きて, して, 書いて, 行って, 話して, 待って, 作って, 払って, 問って |
(ga,na,ba,ma)-5 | continuative (other) | で | indeclinable | 泳いで, 死んで, 読んで, 飲んで | |
Hypothetical (-ba) | all | classical imperfective (hypothetical) | ば | indeclinable | 起きれば, 書けば, くれば, すれば |
Conditional (-tara) | 1, kuru, suru, (ka,sa,ta,ra,wa)-5 | continuative (other) | たら | indeclinable | 食べたら, きたら, したら, 書いたら |
(ga,na,ba,ma)-5 | continuative (other) | だら | indeclinable | 泳いだら, 死んだら, 読んだら, 飲んだら |
Suffixes to the continuative (-i) form
[sunting]There are several suffixes that attach to the continuative (-i) form. These are some of the most common:
Form | Suffix | Result is | Examples |
Formal (-masu) | ます | irregular verb | 行きます |
Desire (-tai) | たい | i-adjective | 食べたい |
Classical Japanese
[sunting]The following table shows the conjugations of classical verbs as well as the modern equivalents in historical kana orthography. Note the “school grammar” terminology and notion of verb forms. A conjugation table for auxiliary verbs appears at Appendix:Japanese auxiliary verbs (todo).
文語 (classical) | 口語 (modern) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
種類 conjugation class |
行 consonant of suffix |
語例 example word |
未然 irrealis |
連用 cont. |
終止 terminal |
連體 attrib. |
已然 realis |
命令 imperat. |
種類 conjugation class |
行 consonant of suffix |
語例 example word |
未然 irrealis |
連用 cont. |
終止 terminal |
連體 attrib. |
假定 hypot. |
命令 imperat. |
四段 yodan four-grade |
カ行 -k- | 行(ゆ)く yu.ku | か ka | き ki | く ku | く ku | け ke | け ke | 四段 yodan four-grade |
カ行 -k- | 行(ゆ)く yu.ku | か ka | き ki | く ku | く ku | け ke | け ke |
ガ行 -g- | 漕(こ)ぐ ko.gu | が ga | ぎ gi | ぐ gu | ぐ gu | げ ge | げ ge | ガ行 -g- | 漕(こ)ぐ ko.gu | が ga | ぎ gi | ぐ gu | ぐ gu | げ ge | げ ge | ||
サ行 -s- | 增(ま)す ma.su | さ sa | し si | す su | す su | せ se | せ se | サ行 -s- | 增(ま)す ma.su | さ sa | し si | す su | す su | せ se | せ se | ||
タ行 -t- | 打(う)つ u.tu | た ta | ち ti | つ tu | つ tu | て te | て te | タ行 -t- | 打(う)つ u.tu | た ta | ち ti | つ tu | つ tu | て te | て te | ||
ハ行 -h- | 思(おも)ふ omo.hu | は ha | ひ hi | ふ hu | ふ hu | へ he | へ he | ハ行 -h- | 思(おも)ふ omo.hu | は ha | ひ hi | ふ hu | ふ hu | へ he | へ he | ||
バ行 -b- | 飛(と)ぶ to.bu | ば ba | び bi | ぶ bu | ぶ bu | べ be | べ be | バ行 -b- | 飛(と)ぶ to.bu | ば ba | び bi | ぶ bu | ぶ bu | べ be | べ be | ||
マ行 -m- | 讀(よ)む yo.mu | ま ma | み mi | む mu | む mu | め me | め me | マ行 -m- | 讀(よ)む yo.mu | ま ma | み mi | む mu | む mu | め me | め me | ||
ラ行 -r- | 取(と)る to.ru | ら ra | り ri | る ru | る ru | れ re | れ re | ラ行 -r- | 取(と)る to.ru | ら ra | り ri | る ru | る ru | れ re | れ re | ||
ラ變 ra-hen r- irregular |
ラ行 -r- | 有(あ)り a.ri | ら ra | り ri | り ri | る ru | れ re | れ re | ラ行 -r- | 有(あ)る a.ru | ら ra | り ri | る ru | る ru | れ re | れ re | |
ナ變 na-hen n- irregular |
ナ行 -n- | 死(し)ぬ si.nu | な na | に ni | ぬ nu | ぬる nuru | ぬれ nure | ね ne | ナ行 -n- | 死(し)ぬ si.nu | な na | に ni | ぬ nu | ぬ nu | ね ne | ね ne | |
下一段 shimo-ichidan lower-monograde |
カ行 -k- | 蹴(け)る keru | け ke | け ke | ける keru | ける keru | けれ kere | けよ keyo | ラ行 -r- | 蹴(け)る ke.ru | ら ra | り ri | る ru | る ru | れ re | れ re | |
下二段 shimo-nidan lower-bigrade |
ア行 (a) | 得(う) u | え e | え e | う u | うる uru | うれ ure | えよ eyo | 下一段 shimo-ichidan lower-monograde |
ア行 (a) | 得(え)る eru | え e | え e | える eru | える eru | えれ ere | えよ eyo |
カ行 -k- | 受(う)く u.ku | け ke | け ke | く ku | くる kuru | くれ kure | けよ keyo | カ行 -k- | 受(う)ける u.keru | け ke | け ke | ける keru | ける keru | けれ kere | けよ keyo | ||
ガ行 -g- | 上(あ)ぐ a.gu | げ ge | げ ge | ぐ gu | ぐる guru | ぐれ gure | げよ geyo | ガ行 -g- | 上(あ)げる a.geru | げ ge | げ ge | げる geru | げる geru | げれ gere | げよ geyo | ||
サ行 -s- | 寄(よ)す yo.su | せ se | せ se | す su | する suru | すれ sure | せよ seyo | サ行 -s- | 寄(よ)せる yo.seru | せ se | せ se | せる seru | せる seru | すれ sure | せよ seyo | ||
ザ行 -z- | 交(ま)ず ma.zu | ぜ ze | ぜ ze | ず zu | ずる zuru | ずれ zure | ぜよ zeyo | ザ行 -z- | 交(ま)ぜる ma.zeru | ぜ ze | ぜ ze | ぜる zeru | ぜる zeru | ぜれ zere | ぜよ zeyo | ||
タ行 -t- | 捨(す)つ su.tu | て te | て te | つ tu | つる turu | つれ ture | てよ teyo | タ行 -t- | 捨(す)てる su.teru | て te | て te | てる teru | てる teru | てれ tere | てよ teyo | ||
ダ行 -d- | 出(い)づ i.du | で de | で de | づ du | づる duru | づれ dure | でよ deyo | ダ行 -d- | 出(で)る deru | で de | で de | でる deru | でる deru | でれ dere | でよ deyo | ||
ナ行 -n- | 尋(たづ)ぬ tadu.nu | ね ne | ね ne | ぬ nu | ぬる nuru | ぬれ nure | ねよ neyo | ナ行 -n- | 尋(たづ)ねる tadu.neru | ね ne | ね ne | ねる neru | ねる neru | ねれ nere | ねよ neyo | ||
ハ行 -h- | 考(かんが)ふ kanga.hu | へ he | へ he | ふ hu | ふる huru | ふれ hure | へよ heyo | ハ行 -h- | 考(かんが)へる kanga.heru | へ he | へ he | へる heru | へる heru | へれ here | へよ heyo | ||
バ行 -b- | 調(しら)ぶ sira.bu | べ be | べ be | ぶ bu | ぶる buru | ぶれ bure | べよ beyo | バ行 -b- | 調(しら)べる sira.beru | べ be | べ be | べる beru | べる beru | べれ bere | べよ beyo | ||
マ行 -m- | 止(と)む to.mu | め me | め me | む mu | むる muru | むれ mure | めよ meyo | マ行 -m- | 止(と)める to.meru | め me | め me | める meru | める meru | めれ mere | めよ meyo | ||
ヤ行 -y- | 越(こ)ゆ ko.yu | え e | え e | ゆ yu | ゆる yuru | ゆれ yure | えよ eyo | ヤ行 -y- | 越(こ)える ko.eru | え e | え e | える eru | える eru | えれ ere | えよ eyo | ||
ラ行 -r- | 晴(は)る ha.ru | れ re | れ re | る ru | るる ruru | るれ rure | れよ reyo | ラ行 -r- | 晴(は)れる ha.reru | れ re | れ re | れる reru | れる reru | れれ rere | れよ reyo | ||
ワ行 -w- | 植(う)う u.u | ゑ we | ゑ we | う u | うる uru | うれ ure | ゑよ weyo | ワ行 -w- | 植(う)ゑる u.weru | ゑ we | ゑ we | ゑる weru | ゑる weru | ゑれ were | ゑよ weyo | ||
上一段 kami-ichidan upper-monograde |
カ行 -k- | 著(き)る kiru | き ki | き ki | きる kiru | きる kiru | きれ kire | きよ kiyo | 上一段 kami-ichidan upper-monograde |
カ行 -k- | 著(き)る kiru | き ki | き ki | きる kiru | きる kiru | きれ kire | きよ kiyo |
ナ行 -n- | 似(に)る niru | に ni | に ni | にる niru | にる niru | にれ nire | によ niyo | ナ行 -n- | 似(に)る niru | に ni | に ni | にる niru | にる niru | にれ nire | によ niyo | ||
ハ行 -h- | 干(ひ)る hiru | ひ hi | ひ hi | ひる hiru | ひる hiru | ひれ hire | ひよ hiyo | ハ行 -h- | 干(ひ)る hiru | ひ hi | ひ hi | ひる hiru | ひる hiru | ひれ hire | ひよ hiyo | ||
マ行 -m- | 見(み)る miru | み mi | み mi | みる miru | みる miru | みれ mire | みよ miyo | マ行 -m- | 見(み)る miru | み mi | み mi | みる miru | みる miru | みれ mire | みよ miyo | ||
ヤ行 -y- | 老(お)いる o.iru | い i | い i | いる iru | いる iru | いれ ire | いよ iyo | ヤ行 -y- | 老(お)いる o.iru | い i | い i | いる iru | いる iru | いれ ire | いよ iyo | ||
ワ行 -w- | 居(ゐ)る wiru | ゐ wi | ゐ wi | ゐる wiru | ゐる wiru | ゐれ wire | ゐよ wiyo | ワ行 -w- | 居(ゐ)る wiru | ゐ wi | ゐ wi | ゐる wiru | ゐる wiru | ゐれ wire | ゐよ wiyo | ||
上二段 kami-nidan upper-bigrade |
カ行 -k- | 起(お)く o.ku | き ki | き ki | く ku | くる kuru | くれ kure | きよ kiyo | カ行 -k- | 起(お)きる o.kiru | き ki | き ki | きる kiru | きる kiru | きれ kire | きよ kiyo | |
ガ行 -g- | 過(す)ぐ su.gu | ぎ gi | ぎ gi | ぐ gu | ぐる guru | ぐれ gure | ぎよ giyo | ガ行 -g- | 過(す)ぎる su.giru | ぎ gi | ぎ gi | ぎる giru | ぎる giru | ぎれ gire | ぎよ giyo | ||
タ行 -t- | 落(お)つ o.tu | ち ti | ち ti | つ tu | つる turu | つれ ture | ちよ tiyo | タ行 -t- | 落(お)ちる o.tiru | ち ti | ち ti | ちる tiru | ちる tiru | ちれ tire | ちよ tiyo | ||
ダ行 -d- | 恥(は)づ ha.du | ぢ di | ぢ di | づ du | づる duru | づれ dure | ぢよ diyo | ダ行 -d- | 恥(は)ぢる ha.diru | ぢ di | ぢ di | じる ziru | じる ziru | じれ zire | ぢよ diyo | ||
ハ行 -h- | 強(し)ふ si.hu | ひ hi | ひ hi | ふ hu | ふる huru | ふれ hure | ひよ hiyo | ハ行 -h- | 強(し)ひる si.hiru | ひ hi | ひ hi | ひる hiru | ひる hiru | ひれ hire | ひよ hiyo | ||
バ行 -b- | 亡(ほろ)ぶ horo.bu | び bi | び bi | ぶ bu | ぶる buru | ぶれ bure | びよ biyo | バ行 -b- | 亡(ほろ)びる horo.biru | び bi | び bi | びる biru | びる biru | びれ bire | びよ biyo | ||
マ行 -m- | 恨(うら)む ura.mu | み mi | み mi | む mu | むる muru | むれ mure | みよ miyo | マ行 -m- | 恨(うら)みる ura.miru | み mi | み mi | みる miru | みる miru | みれ mire | みよ miyo | ||
ヤ行 -y- | 悔(く)ゆ ku.yu | い i | い i | ゆ yu | ゆる yuru | ゆれ yure | いよ iyo | ヤ行 -y- | 悔(く)いる ku.iru | い i | い i | いる iru | いる iru | いれ ire | いよ iyo | ||
ラ行 -r- | 懲(こ)る ko.ru | り ri | り ri | る ru | るる ruru | るれ rure | りよ riyo | ラ行 -r- | 懲(こ)りる ko.riru | り ri | り ri | りる riru | りる riru | りれ rire | りよ riyo | ||
カ變 ka-hen k- irregular |
カ行 -k- | 來(く) ku | こ ko | き ki | く ku | くる kuru | くれ kure | こよ koyo | カ變 ka-hen k- irregular |
カ行 -k- | 來(く)る kuru | こ ko | き ki | くる kuru | くる kuru | くれ kure | こい koi |
サ變 sa-hen s- irregular |
サ行 -s- | 爲(す) su | せ se | し si | す su | する suru | すれ sure | せよ seyo | サ變 sa-hen s- irregular |
サ行 -s- | 爲(す)る suru | せ se し si |
し si | する suru | する suru | すれ sure | せよ seyo しろ siro |
講(かう)ず kau.zu | ぜ ze | じ zi | ず zu | ずる zuru | ずれ zure | ぜよ zeyo | 講(かう)ずる kau.zuru | ぜ ze じ zi |
じ zi | ずる zuru | ずる zuru | ずれ zure | ぜよ zeyo じろ ziro |
- The rōmaji are Nihon-shiki transliterations of the kana and do not necessarily reflect the actual sounds.
References
[sunting]- ↑ Table adapted from Templat:R:Kojien
- ↑ Adapted from the Daijiten (大辭典, page 131, volume 26) published in 1936 by Heibonsha (平凡社), which was believed to be out of copyright.